The war unfolded in two main phases. During the first phase, the Russian army retreated in the face of Napoleon’s superior forces, engaging in battles as they fell back toward Moscow. The pivotal Battle of Borodino took place in September 1812. In the second phase, after the French forces left Moscow in October 1812, Napoleon’s army began a difficult retreat, seeking refuge in untouched regions for winter quarters. This retreat turned catastrophic, culminating in a decisive defeat at the Battle of the Berezina River in November 1812. By the campaign’s end, Napoleon’s once-mighty 600,000-strong force was reduced to just 30,000 survivors.

The war came at a high cost for Russia. Twelve provinces were devastated, many cities burned and destroyed, and over 300,000 Russian soldiers and officers perished. Civilian losses were even greater.

Alexander I’s manifesto solemnly declared victory, emphasizing his commitment to driving the enemy completely from Russian soil. This proclamation marked the formal conclusion of the war and celebrated the resilience and sacrifice of the Russian people in defending their homeland.

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